core/ngx_times.c源文件分析

nginx中很多地方都需要用到时间戳信息，但是如果每一次都直接调用系统函数来获取，虽然可以保证时间的精确性，但是却会严重降低系统的性能。考虑到Nginx中很多地方用到的时间戳并不需要十分精确，从系统性能方面考虑，nginx采用缓存时间戳的方法来处理。

1. 相关变量的定义

/*
 * Copyright (C) Igor Sysoev
 * Copyright (C) Nginx, Inc.
 */


#include <ngx_config.h>
#include <ngx_core.h>


/*
 * The time may be updated by signal handler or by several threads.
 * The time update operations are rare and require to hold the ngx_time_lock.
 * The time read operations are frequent, so they are lock-free and get time
 * values and strings from the current slot.  Thus thread may get the corrupted
 * values only if it is preempted while copying and then it is not scheduled
 * to run more than NGX_TIME_SLOTS seconds.
 */

#define NGX_TIME_SLOTS   64

static ngx_uint_t        slot;
static ngx_atomic_t      ngx_time_lock;

volatile ngx_msec_t      ngx_current_msec;
volatile ngx_time_t     *ngx_cached_time;
volatile ngx_str_t       ngx_cached_err_log_time;
volatile ngx_str_t       ngx_cached_http_time;
volatile ngx_str_t       ngx_cached_http_log_time;
volatile ngx_str_t       ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601;
volatile ngx_str_t       ngx_cached_syslog_time;

#if !(NGX_WIN32)

/*
 * localtime() and localtime_r() are not Async-Signal-Safe functions, therefore,
 * they must not be called by a signal handler, so we use the cached
 * GMT offset value. Fortunately the value is changed only two times a year.
 */

static ngx_int_t         cached_gmtoff;
#endif

static ngx_time_t        cached_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS];
static u_char            cached_err_log_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("1970/09/28 12:00:00")];
static u_char            cached_http_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("Mon, 28 Sep 1970 06:00:00 GMT")];
static u_char            cached_http_log_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("28/Sep/1970:12:00:00 +0600")];
static u_char            cached_http_log_iso8601[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("1970-09-28T12:00:00+06:00")];
static u_char            cached_syslog_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("Sep 28 12:00:00")];


static char  *week[] = { "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat" };
static char  *months[] = { "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
                           "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" };

这里对于每一种时间的缓存都用一个数组来实现。之所以用数组，是因为我们在调用ngx_time_update()这一函数过程中，很有可能在中间的某个时刻别的模块正在使用我们所缓存的时间。这就可能会出现，我们更新某个时间时，可能只更新了一部分，比如更新了秒部分，但是却还没有来得及更新毫秒部分，这时候就被别的模块所使用，则显然是存在问题的。这里采用一个足够大的数组，确保其他模块在使用时只会用到我们更新完成的，而对于正在更新的则不会被引用到。

slot: 用于记录当前我们需要更新那个槽的时间
ngx_time_lock：更新时间时加的互斥锁，防止同时调用ngx_time_update()函数造成混乱
ngx_current_msec：缓存的当前时间的毫秒数。注意这个时间由于表示范围的关系，一般只作为程序内部的一个相对精确的时间区间(time diff)来使用
ngx_cached_time: 当前nginx缓存的最新时间
ngx_cached_err_log_time: 当前nginx缓存的error log格式的时间
ngx_cached_http_time：当前nginx缓存的http 格式的时间
ngx_cached_http_log_time：当期nginx缓存的http log格式的时间
ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601: 当前nginx缓存的http log iso8601格式的时间
ngx_cached_syslog_time: 当前nginx缓存的syslog格式的时间
cached_gmtoff: 用于缓存当前本地时间与GMT的时差（以分钟为单位）。这里之所以要缓存，是因为localtime() 与 localtime_r()函数都不是异步信号安全（ Async-Signal-Safe）的，因此我们在通过信号更新时间时就不能调用这两个函数，此种情况下如果要将utc时间转换成gmt的话，就要用到本变量。

如下是为了实现上面各缓存时间的数组：

static ngx_time_t        cached_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS];
static u_char            cached_err_log_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("1970/09/28 12:00:00")];
static u_char            cached_http_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("Mon, 28 Sep 1970 06:00:00 GMT")];
static u_char            cached_http_log_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("28/Sep/1970:12:00:00 +0600")];
static u_char            cached_http_log_iso8601[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("1970-09-28T12:00:00+06:00")];
static u_char            cached_syslog_time[NGX_TIME_SLOTS]
                                    [sizeof("Sep 28 12:00:00")];

week: 星期的字符串表示
months: 月份的字符串表示

2. 函数

void
ngx_time_init(void)
{
    ngx_cached_err_log_time.len = sizeof("1970/09/28 12:00:00") - 1;
    ngx_cached_http_time.len = sizeof("Mon, 28 Sep 1970 06:00:00 GMT") - 1;
    ngx_cached_http_log_time.len = sizeof("28/Sep/1970:12:00:00 +0600") - 1;
    ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601.len = sizeof("1970-09-28T12:00:00+06:00") - 1;
    ngx_cached_syslog_time.len = sizeof("Sep 28 12:00:00") - 1;

    ngx_cached_time = &cached_time[0];

    ngx_time_update();
}

本函数主要是初始化各种时间字符串表示形式的长度。接着调用ngx_time_update()更新各变量到最新时间。

3. 函数ngx_time_update()

void
ngx_time_update(void)
{
    u_char          *p0, *p1, *p2, *p3, *p4;
    ngx_tm_t         tm, gmt;
    time_t           sec;
    ngx_uint_t       msec;
    ngx_time_t      *tp;
    struct timeval   tv;

    if (!ngx_trylock(&ngx_time_lock)) {
        return;
    }

    ngx_gettimeofday(&tv);

    sec = tv.tv_sec;
    msec = tv.tv_usec / 1000;

    ngx_current_msec = (ngx_msec_t) sec * 1000 + msec;

    tp = &cached_time[slot];

    if (tp->sec == sec) {
        tp->msec = msec;
        ngx_unlock(&ngx_time_lock);
        return;
    }

    if (slot == NGX_TIME_SLOTS - 1) {
        slot = 0;
    } else {
        slot++;
    }

    tp = &cached_time[slot];

    tp->sec = sec;
    tp->msec = msec;

    ngx_gmtime(sec, &gmt);


    p0 = &cached_http_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p0, "%s, %02d %s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT",
                       week[gmt.ngx_tm_wday], gmt.ngx_tm_mday,
                       months[gmt.ngx_tm_mon - 1], gmt.ngx_tm_year,
                       gmt.ngx_tm_hour, gmt.ngx_tm_min, gmt.ngx_tm_sec);

#if (NGX_HAVE_GETTIMEZONE)

    tp->gmtoff = ngx_gettimezone();
    ngx_gmtime(sec + tp->gmtoff * 60, &tm);

#elif (NGX_HAVE_GMTOFF)

    ngx_localtime(sec, &tm);
    cached_gmtoff = (ngx_int_t) (tm.ngx_tm_gmtoff / 60);
    tp->gmtoff = cached_gmtoff;

#else

    ngx_localtime(sec, &tm);
    cached_gmtoff = ngx_timezone(tm.ngx_tm_isdst);
    tp->gmtoff = cached_gmtoff;

#endif


    p1 = &cached_err_log_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p1, "%4d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",
                       tm.ngx_tm_year, tm.ngx_tm_mon,
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday, tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec);


    p2 = &cached_http_log_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p2, "%02d/%s/%d:%02d:%02d:%02d %c%02i%02i",
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday, months[tm.ngx_tm_mon - 1],
                       tm.ngx_tm_year, tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec,
                       tp->gmtoff < 0 ? '-' : '+',
                       ngx_abs(tp->gmtoff / 60), ngx_abs(tp->gmtoff % 60));

    p3 = &cached_http_log_iso8601[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p3, "%4d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%c%02i:%02i",
                       tm.ngx_tm_year, tm.ngx_tm_mon,
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday, tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec,
                       tp->gmtoff < 0 ? '-' : '+',
                       ngx_abs(tp->gmtoff / 60), ngx_abs(tp->gmtoff % 60));

    p4 = &cached_syslog_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p4, "%s %2d %02d:%02d:%02d",
                       months[tm.ngx_tm_mon - 1], tm.ngx_tm_mday,
                       tm.ngx_tm_hour, tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec);

    ngx_memory_barrier();

    ngx_cached_time = tp;
    ngx_cached_http_time.data = p0;
    ngx_cached_err_log_time.data = p1;
    ngx_cached_http_log_time.data = p2;
    ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601.data = p3;
    ngx_cached_syslog_time.data = p4;

    ngx_unlock(&ngx_time_lock);
}

此获取当前最新时间，然后更新数组中的值。下面简要分析一下函数的实现流程：

void
ngx_time_update(void)
{
	//1) 获取更新时间的锁ngx_time_lock

	//2) 获取当前最新时间

	//3) 将当前时间的 '秒数' 与上一次缓存的最新时间的 '秒数'进行对比，如果
	//秒数相同，说明上次更新与本次更新相隔时间很短，这里就不再对缓存的各变量
	//再进行更新了

	//4) 更新缓存数组的下一个slot的值

	//5) ngx_memory_barrier()： 这里之所以用到内存屏障，是因为程序在执行过程中可能
	//会出现内存的实际访问顺序与程序代码编写的访问顺序不一致。这就是内存乱序访问。
	//内存乱序访问行为出现的理由是为了提升程序运行时的性能

	//6) 更新各全局变量的值，由于这里都是指针操作，因此是原子性的
	ngx_cached_time = tp;
	ngx_cached_http_time.data = p0;
	ngx_cached_err_log_time.data = p1;
	ngx_cached_http_log_time.data = p2;
	ngx_cached_http_log_iso8601.data = p3;
	ngx_cached_syslog_time.data = p4;

	//7) 解锁
}

4. 函数ngx_time_sigsafe_update()

#if !(NGX_WIN32)

void
ngx_time_sigsafe_update(void)
{
    u_char          *p, *p2;
    ngx_tm_t         tm;
    time_t           sec;
    ngx_time_t      *tp;
    struct timeval   tv;

    if (!ngx_trylock(&ngx_time_lock)) {
        return;
    }

    ngx_gettimeofday(&tv);

    sec = tv.tv_sec;

    tp = &cached_time[slot];

    if (tp->sec == sec) {
        ngx_unlock(&ngx_time_lock);
        return;
    }

    if (slot == NGX_TIME_SLOTS - 1) {
        slot = 0;
    } else {
        slot++;
    }

    tp = &cached_time[slot];

    tp->sec = 0;

    ngx_gmtime(sec + cached_gmtoff * 60, &tm);

    p = &cached_err_log_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p, "%4d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",
                       tm.ngx_tm_year, tm.ngx_tm_mon,
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday, tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec);

    p2 = &cached_syslog_time[slot][0];

    (void) ngx_sprintf(p2, "%s %2d %02d:%02d:%02d",
                       months[tm.ngx_tm_mon - 1], tm.ngx_tm_mday,
                       tm.ngx_tm_hour, tm.ngx_tm_min, tm.ngx_tm_sec);

    ngx_memory_barrier();

    ngx_cached_err_log_time.data = p;
    ngx_cached_syslog_time.data = p2;

    ngx_unlock(&ngx_time_lock);
}

#endif

本函数主要是处理通过信号来更新缓存时间。注意，此处只会更新ngx_cached_err_log_time与ngx_cached_syslog_time这两个精度要求相对较低的缓存。

5. 函数ngx_http_time()

u_char *
ngx_http_time(u_char *buf, time_t t)
{
    ngx_tm_t  tm;

    ngx_gmtime(t, &tm);

    return ngx_sprintf(buf, "%s, %02d %s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT",
                       week[tm.ngx_tm_wday],
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday,
                       months[tm.ngx_tm_mon - 1],
                       tm.ngx_tm_year,
                       tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min,
                       tm.ngx_tm_sec);
}

本函数用于将时间t格式化成http格式

6. 函数ngx_http_cookie_time()

u_char *
ngx_http_cookie_time(u_char *buf, time_t t)
{
    ngx_tm_t  tm;

    ngx_gmtime(t, &tm);

    /*
     * Netscape 3.x does not understand 4-digit years at all and
     * 2-digit years more than "37"
     */

    return ngx_sprintf(buf,
                       (tm.ngx_tm_year > 2037) ?
                                         "%s, %02d-%s-%d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT":
                                         "%s, %02d-%s-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT",
                       week[tm.ngx_tm_wday],
                       tm.ngx_tm_mday,
                       months[tm.ngx_tm_mon - 1],
                       (tm.ngx_tm_year > 2037) ? tm.ngx_tm_year:
                                                 tm.ngx_tm_year % 100,
                       tm.ngx_tm_hour,
                       tm.ngx_tm_min,
                       tm.ngx_tm_sec);
}

本函数用于将时间t格式化成cookie格式

7. 函数ngx_gmtime()

void
ngx_gmtime(time_t t, ngx_tm_t *tp)
{
    ngx_int_t   yday;
    ngx_uint_t  n, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday, days, leap;

    /* the calculation is valid for positive time_t only */

    n = (ngx_uint_t) t;

    days = n / 86400;

    /* January 1, 1970 was Thursday */

    wday = (4 + days) % 7;

    n %= 86400;
    hour = n / 3600;
    n %= 3600;
    min = n / 60;
    sec = n % 60;

    /*
     * the algorithm based on Gauss' formula,
     * see src/http/ngx_http_parse_time.c
     */

    /* days since March 1, 1 BC */
    days = days - (31 + 28) + 719527;

    /*
     * The "days" should be adjusted to 1 only, however, some March 1st's go
     * to previous year, so we adjust them to 2.  This causes also shift of the
     * last February days to next year, but we catch the case when "yday"
     * becomes negative.
     */

    year = (days + 2) * 400 / (365 * 400 + 100 - 4 + 1);

    yday = days - (365 * year + year / 4 - year / 100 + year / 400);

    if (yday < 0) {
        leap = (year % 4 == 0) && (year % 100 || (year % 400 == 0));
        yday = 365 + leap + yday;
        year--;
    }

    /*
     * The empirical formula that maps "yday" to month.
     * There are at least 10 variants, some of them are:
     *     mon = (yday + 31) * 15 / 459
     *     mon = (yday + 31) * 17 / 520
     *     mon = (yday + 31) * 20 / 612
     */

    mon = (yday + 31) * 10 / 306;

    /* the Gauss' formula that evaluates days before the month */

    mday = yday - (367 * mon / 12 - 30) + 1;

    if (yday >= 306) {

        year++;
        mon -= 10;

        /*
         * there is no "yday" in Win32 SYSTEMTIME
         *
         * yday -= 306;
         */

    } else {

        mon += 2;

        /*
         * there is no "yday" in Win32 SYSTEMTIME
         *
         * yday += 31 + 28 + leap;
         */
    }

    tp->ngx_tm_sec = (ngx_tm_sec_t) sec;
    tp->ngx_tm_min = (ngx_tm_min_t) min;
    tp->ngx_tm_hour = (ngx_tm_hour_t) hour;
    tp->ngx_tm_mday = (ngx_tm_mday_t) mday;
    tp->ngx_tm_mon = (ngx_tm_mon_t) mon;
    tp->ngx_tm_year = (ngx_tm_year_t) year;
    tp->ngx_tm_wday = (ngx_tm_wday_t) wday;
}

本函数用于将time_t格式表示的时间转换成ngx_tm_t格式。

8. 函数ngx_next_time()

time_t
ngx_next_time(time_t when)
{
    time_t     now, next;
    struct tm  tm;

    now = ngx_time();

    ngx_libc_localtime(now, &tm);

    tm.tm_hour = (int) (when / 3600);
    when %= 3600;
    tm.tm_min = (int) (when / 60);
    tm.tm_sec = (int) (when % 60);

    next = mktime(&tm);

    if (next == -1) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (next - now > 0) {
        return next;
    }

    tm.tm_mday++;

    /* mktime() should normalize a date (Jan 32, etc) */

    next = mktime(&tm);

    if (next != -1) {
        return next;
    }

    return -1;
}

本函数用于计算相对于当前本地时间when秒后的时间。

[参看]

Ivanzz

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