linux运维(1)
本文主要介绍Linux运维方面的一些常见的命令的用法：
1. 查看Linux下cpu信息
1.1 查看物理CPU信息
我们可以通过lscpu命令来获取实际的物理CPU信息：
# lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 56 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-55 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 14 Socket(s): 2 NUMA node(s): 2 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 79 Model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4 @ 2.40GHz Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 1250.531 BogoMIPS: 4794.42 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 35840K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-13,28-41 NUMA node1 CPU(s): 14-27,42-55
下面我们解释一下各字段的含义：
-
Architecture: 用于指示CPU架构。当前我们使用的CPU架构为x86_64
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CPU op-mode(s): 表明此CPU可以32 bit模式运行，也可以64 bit模式运行
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Byte Order: CPU字节序为小端字节序
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CPU(s): 指明当前逻辑CPU的个数
逻辑CPU个数 = 物理CPU个数 * 每颗物理cpu的核数 * 超线程数
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On-line CPUs(s) list: 用于指明当前Linux实例所使用的CPU列表
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Thread(s) per core: 每个CPU核支持的线程数。大于1，我们一般称为支持
超线程 -
Core(s) per socket: 每颗物理CPU的核数
-
Socket(s): 物理CPU的个数
-
NUMA node(s): Non-Uniform Memory Access节点的个数
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Vendor ID: 生产商
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CPU family： CPU家族编号
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Model: CPU型号
-
Model name: CPU型号名称，这里为
Intel至强处理器(Xeon: Extreme Edition) -
Virtualization: CPU支持的虚拟化技术
总结：
socket就是主板上的CPU插槽; Core就是socket里独立的一组程序执行的硬件单元，比如寄存器，计算单元等;
Thread：就是超线程hyperthread的概念，逻辑的执行单元，独立的执行上下文，但是共享core内的寄存器和计算单元。1.2 查看逻辑CPU信息
cpu信息记录在/proc/cpuinfo中，但信息比较多：
# more /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 79 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4 @ 2.40GHz stepping : 1 microcode : 0xb000021 cpu MHz : 2401.406 cache size : 35840 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 28 core id : 0 cpu cores : 14 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 20 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm cons tant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dc a sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ida arat epb pln pts dtherm intel_pt tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriorit y ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local bogomips : 4788.76 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 79 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4 @ 2.40GHz stepping : 1 microcode : 0xb000021 cpu MHz : 2902.031 cache size : 35840 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 28 core id : 1 cpu cores : 14 apicid : 2 initial apicid : 2 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes ... processor : 55 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 79 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4 @ 2.40GHz stepping : 1 microcode : 0xb000021 cpu MHz : 1388.343 cache size : 35840 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 28 core id : 14 cpu cores : 14 apicid : 61 initial apicid : 61 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 20 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ida arat epb pln pts dtherm intel_pt tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local bogomips : 4794.42 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:
下面我们简要介绍如何查看cpu的几个比较关键的数据。
1） 查看cpu型号
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c例如：
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c
56 Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4 @ 2.40GHz
2) 查看cpu个数
总核数 = 物理cpu个数 x 每颗物理cpu的核数
总逻辑cpu数 = 物理cpu个数 x 每颗物理cpu的核数 x 超线程数
// 查看物理cpu个数 # cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "physical id"| sort| uniq| wc -l 2 // 查看每个物理cpu中core的个数 # cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "cpu cores"| uniq cpu cores : 14 // 查看逻辑cpu的个数 # cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep "processor"| wc -l 56
由上图可知：主机ceph001-node1有2颗物理cpu，10核40线程
3) 通过程序查看总逻辑CPU数
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int ngx_ncpu;
ngx_ncpu = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
printf("ngx_ncpu:%d\n",ngx_ncpu);
return 0;
}编译运行：
[root@server-70 home]# gcc -o test test.c [root@server-70 home]# ./test ngx_ncpu:56
2. 查看网卡信息
首先我们通过ifconfig -a或者ip addr命令来查看所有的物理网卡：
# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 10.17.253.180/32 brd 10.17.253.180 scope global lo:0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 38:90:a5:7f:7c:ac brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.17.253.170/24 brd 10.17.253.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::3a90:a5ff:fe7f:7cac/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 38:90:a5:7f:7c:ad brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.17.254.170/24 brd 10.17.254.255 scope global eth1
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::3a90:a5ff:fe7f:7cad/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: eno1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 70:70:8b:1f:0e:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: eno2: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 70:70:8b:1f:0e:05 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff接着，我们可以使用ethtool命令查看某一块网卡的详细信息：
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ FIBRE ]
Supported link modes: 10000baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: No
Advertised link modes: 10000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: No
Speed: 10000Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: FIBRE
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: external
Auto-negotiation: off
Current message level: 0x00000000 (0)
Link detected: yes
我们可以通过如下命令查看网络控制器的具体型号:
# lspci | grep Ethernet 06:00.0 Ethernet controller: Cisco Systems Inc VIC Ethernet NIC (rev a2) 07:00.0 Ethernet controller: Cisco Systems Inc VIC Ethernet NIC (rev a2) 0f:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01) 0f:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I350 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
然后通过查询/sys/bus/pci/查询，可以找出某一个网卡控制器具体对应的是哪一个网络接口。例如，我们查询06:00.0这一个网络控制器所对应的网络接口：
# cat /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:06\:00.0/net/eth0/address 38:90:a5:7f:7c:ac
上面我们看到eth0接口所使用的是思科万兆网卡。
此外，我们还可以通过如下命令来查看相应的网卡信息：
# hwconfig |grep Network
Network: eth0 (bonding): 29:31:52:a8:e9:a6
Network: slave0 (igb): Intel 82580 Gigabit Network Connection, 28:31:52:a8:e1:d6, 1000Mb/s <full-duplex>
Network: slave1 (igb): Intel 82580 Gigabit Network Connection, 28:31:52:a8:e1:d6, 1000Mb/s <full-duplex>3. 查看详细的物理硬盘信息
我们可以通过smartctl命令来查看某一块硬盘的详细信息：
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 6.2 2017-02-27 r4394 [x86_64-linux-3.10.0-514.26.2.el7.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Vendor: SEAGATE
Product: ST8000NM0075
Revision: E0C2
User Capacity: 8,001,563,222,016 bytes [8.00 TB]
Logical block size: 512 bytes
Physical block size: 4096 bytes
Lowest aligned LBA: 0
Logical block provisioning type unreported, LBPME=0, LBPRZ=0
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Logical Unit id: 0x5000c500945aed3f
Serial number: ZA18K1280000R751ZZND
Device type: disk
Transport protocol: SAS
Local Time is: Wed Mar 27 18:15:58 2019 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
Temperature Warning: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Health Status: OK
Current Drive Temperature: 46 C
Drive Trip Temperature: 60 C
Manufactured in week 33 of year 2017
Specified cycle count over device lifetime: 10000
Accumulated start-stop cycles: 160
Specified load-unload count over device lifetime: 300000
Accumulated load-unload cycles: 683
Elements in grown defect list: 0
Vendor (Seagate) cache information
Blocks sent to initiator = 153684224
Blocks received from initiator = 817543504
Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 1936936257
Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 193285480
Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 241028
Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information
number of hours powered up = 12608.93
number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 56
Error counter log:
Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total
ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected
fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors
read: 872412800 0 0 872412800 0 125423.013 0
write: 0 0 0 0 0 38284.696 0
Non-medium error count: 1354
[GLTSD (Global Logging Target Save Disable) set. Enable Save with '-S on']
SMART Self-test log
Num Test Status segment LifeTime LBA_first_err [SK ASC ASQ]
Description number (hours)
# 1 Background short Completed - 3 - [- - -]
# 2 Background short Completed - 3 - [- - -]
# 3 Background short Completed - 2 - [- - -]
Long (extended) Self Test duration: 47220 seconds [787.0 minutes]
上面我们看到采用的是SAS接口的希捷硬盘。
注： 8,001,563,222,016 bytes = 7.277379356324672698974609375 TB
SEAGATE中文名“希捷”
接着使用lsblk或fdisk -l命令来查看分区信息：
# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 10G 0 part └─sda2 8:2 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-7 sdb 8:16 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part └─sdb2 8:18 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-10 sdc 8:32 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdc1 8:33 0 10G 0 part └─sdc2 8:34 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-19 sdd 8:48 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdd1 8:49 0 10G 0 part └─sdd2 8:50 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-28 sde 8:64 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sde1 8:65 0 10G 0 part └─sde2 8:66 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-31 sdf 8:80 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdf1 8:81 0 10G 0 part └─sdf2 8:82 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-33 sdg 8:96 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdg1 8:97 0 10G 0 part └─sdg2 8:98 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-41 sdh 8:112 0 7.3T 0 disk sdi 8:128 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdi1 8:129 0 10G 0 part └─sdi2 8:130 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-47 sdj 8:144 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdj1 8:145 0 10G 0 part └─sdj2 8:146 0 7.3T 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-49 sdk 8:160 0 7.3T 0 disk ├─sdk1 8:161 0 1M 0 part ├─sdk2 8:162 0 600M 0 part /boot ├─sdk3 8:163 0 8G 0 part [SWAP] └─sdk4 8:164 0 7.3T 0 part ├─test-lv_root 253:0 0 20G 0 lvm / └─test-lv_var 253:1 0 7.3T 0 lvm /var sdl 8:176 0 447.1G 0 disk ├─sdl1 8:177 0 10G 0 part └─sdl2 8:178 0 437.1G 0 part /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-90 sdm 8:192 0 447.1G 0 disk ├─sdm1 8:193 0 10G 0 part
4. Linux下查看内存大小
我们可以通过如下命令查看物理内存条信息：
# sudo dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 3.0
Scanning /dev/mem for entry point.
SMBIOS 3.0 present.
Handle 0x0022, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC
Maximum Capacity: 1536 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 24
Handle 0x0024, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0022
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 72 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 32 GB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_A1
Bank Locator: NODE 0 CHANNEL 0 DIMM 0
Type: DDR4
Type Detail: Registered (Buffered)
....
并通过free命令查看具体的使用情况：
# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 251G 93G 35G 5.3G 122G 123G
Swap: 8.0G 481M 7.5G
Buffers是针对raw disk的块缓存，主要是以raw block的方式缓存文件系统的元数据（比如超级块信息等)，这个值一般比较小（20M左右）；而Cached是针对某些具体的文件进行读缓存，以增加文件的访问效率而使用的，可以说是用于文件系统中文件缓存使用。
这里buff为/proc/meminfo中的Buffers , 而cache包括/proc/meminfo中的Cached和Slab。
5. windows系统如何查看物理cpu核数(补充)
参看：https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/59703552e83cf98fc0074005.html
Windows命令行输入wmic，然后再输入cpu get *，拖动滚动调找到NumberOfcores和NumberOfLogicalProcessors。例如：
Microsoft Windows [版本 6.1.7601] 版权所有 (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 C:\Users\Administrator>wmic wmic:root\cli>cpu get * AddressWidth Architecture Availability Caption ConfigManagerErrorCode ConfigManagerUserConfig 64 9 3 Intel64 Family 6 Model 60 Stepping 3 CpuStatus CreationClassName CurrentClockSpeed CurrentVoltage DataWidth Description 1 Win32_Processor 3501 12 64 Intel64 Family 6 Model 60 Stepping 3 DeviceID ErrorCleared ErrorDescription ExtClock Family InstallDate L2CacheSize L2CacheSpeed L3CacheSize CPU0 100 179 1024 8192 L3CacheSpeed LastErrorCode Level LoadPercentage Manufacturer MaxClockSpeed Name 0 6 82 GenuineIntel 3501 Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1246 v3 @ 3.50GHz NumberOfCores NumberOfLogicalProcessors OtherFamilyDescription PNPDeviceID PowerManagementCapabilities 4 8 PowerManagementSupported ProcessorId ProcessorType Revision Role SocketDesignation Status StatusInfo Stepping FALSE BFEBFBFF000306C3 3 15363 CPU SOCKET 0 OK 3 SystemCreationClassName SystemName UniqueId UpgradeMethod Version VoltageCaps Win32_ComputerSystem ZHANGYW6668 36 wmic:root\cli>
注意: 上面为了方便显示，对格式进行了适当的调整。
此外，windows上内存型号可以通过memorychip来进行查看。
[参看]:
